WoH 번역
WoH, 2026
Wheel of Heaven Translation of Ezekiel from the pointed Hebrew Masoretic text (Westminster Leningrad Codex, Public Domain). Chapter 1 — the throne-vision by the river Kebar (the stormy wind from the north, the four chayyot, the *chashmal*, the wheels-within-wheels, the dome above their heads, the throne of sapphire stone, and the appearance of the likeness of the glory of YHWH) — is the project's ...
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WoH 번역
WoH, 2026
An English translation of Genesis from the pointed Hebrew of the Westminster Leningrad Codex (Public Domain), presented in parallel with the source. Per-verse commentary documents the lexical choices that distinguish this rendering from inherited English versions — the plurality of *Elohim*, three distinct creation verbs (*bara*, *asah*, *yatsar*) preserved, *raqia* as a hammered-out dome, *tanini...
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WoH 번역
WoH, 2026
Wheel of Heaven Translation of Job from the pointed Hebrew Masoretic text (Westminster Leningrad Codex, Public Domain). Chapters 1–2 — the bnei-elohim council scenes and the two tests of Job — drafted 2026-05-22 against translation-glossary v2.5.0. The chapter's keystone passages: the *bnei ha-elohim* presenting themselves before YHWH (1:6, 2:1), with *ha-satan* among them as a council member func...
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A post-exilic re-narration of Israel's history opening with extensive genealogies from Adam onward. Its account of David emphasizes the temple cult, the Levites, and the dynastic promise rather than the political and personal turbulence highlighted by Samuel.
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Paul's first surviving letter to the church at Corinth, addressing factionalism, sexual ethics, eucharistic practice, spiritual gifts, the resurrection of the body, and the *hymn to love* in chapter 13.
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The longest of the three Johannine epistles, written against a community split over questions of Christ's true humanity and the relation of love to right belief. It contains the line *God is love*.
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The reign of Solomon — including the construction of the Jerusalem temple and his proverbial wisdom — followed by the schism of the kingdom into Israel and Judah, and the rise of the prophets Elijah and Elisha.
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A letter of encouragement and instruction to Christian communities in Asia Minor facing social hostility. It frames believers as *strangers and exiles* and a *royal priesthood*, with extensive guidance on conduct under suffering.
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The story of the last judge Samuel, the founding of the Israelite monarchy under Saul, and the rise of David at the court and on the run. It moves from the sanctuary at Shiloh through the wars with the Philistines to Saul's death at Gilboa.
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Likely the earliest surviving letter of Paul, written to a recently founded community in Thessalonica. It addresses persecution, sexual ethics, and the return of the Lord — including the *trumpet call* passage that has shaped Christian eschatology.
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The first of three *Pastoral Epistles* (with 2 Timothy and Titus). It is framed as instruction from Paul to his protégé Timothy on church order, qualifications for overseers and deacons, and the handling of false teaching.
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The continuation of Chronicles, narrating Solomon's reign and the kings of Judah from a priestly and temple-centered perspective. It ends with the Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem and the decree of Cyrus permitting return.
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A more personal and disjointed follow-up to the first Corinthian letter (and likely a composite of several letters). Paul defends his apostolic authority, recounts his hardships, and appeals for the collection for the Jerusalem church.
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A very short Johannine letter to *the elect lady and her children*, warning against extending hospitality to teachers who do not confess Jesus Christ as having come in the flesh.
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The continuation of the Kings narrative, tracking the parallel monarchies of Israel and Judah down to the Assyrian destruction of Samaria (722 BCE) and the Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem (586 BCE).
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A short and contested letter (its Petrine authorship is widely doubted) warning against false teachers and reaffirming the certainty of the *day of the Lord* despite its apparent delay.
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A continuation of the Samuel narrative, focused on David's consolidation of the monarchy, the capture of Jerusalem, the dynastic promise, and the turbulent later years of his reign — including the rebellions of Absalom and Sheba.
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A short follow-up letter (whose Pauline authorship is debated) clarifying the timing of the day of the Lord. It introduces the figure of the *man of lawlessness* and counsels steadiness in the meantime.
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The most personal of the Pastoral Epistles, framed as Paul's farewell letter to Timothy from a Roman imprisonment. It exhorts Timothy to guard the deposit of faith and to endure suffering for the gospel.
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The shortest book in the New Testament, a personal letter commending the hospitality of Gaius and rebuking a certain Diotrephes who refuses to receive Johannine missionaries.
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The second volume of Luke's two-part work. Acts narrates the founding of the Jerusalem community at Pentecost, the missions of Peter and Paul, and the spread of the early Christian movement across the Roman empire — ending with Paul under house arrest in Rome.
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Oracles of the eighth-century southern prophet Amos, addressed to the northern kingdom on the eve of the Assyrian conquest. The book is sustained by a fierce concern for social justice and ritual integrity.
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A short letter contesting an unspecified syncretistic teaching at Colossae. It contains a high Christology presenting Christ as the firstborn of all creation and head over every cosmic power and authority.
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Two genres in one book: court tales of Daniel and his companions surviving the lion's den and the fiery furnace, and apocalyptic visions of successive empires culminating in the *son of man* coming with the clouds of heaven. The visionary chapters are the principal apocalyptic source in the Hebrew Bible.
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The fifth book of the Torah, presented as the farewell discourses of Moses on the plains of Moab. It re-narrates the wilderness journey, restates the law, and frames the covenant in terms of blessing and curse before Israel enters Canaan.
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A skeptical wisdom book attributed to *Qoheleth* (the Preacher). It interrogates the meaning of toil, pleasure, wisdom, and wealth, concluding that all is *hevel* — vapor, breath, vanity — and counseling acceptance of what the day brings.
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A circular letter (possibly not originally to Ephesus) emphasizing the cosmic scope of Christ's reconciling work and the unity of Jew and Gentile in a single body. It includes the *armor of God* passage and the household code.
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A novella set in the Persian court of Ahasuerus (Xerxes I). The Jewish queen Esther, aided by her cousin Mordecai, foils the genocidal plot of the vizier Haman against the Jewish population of the empire. The story provides the foundation narrative for the festival of Purim.
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The second book of the Torah, narrating the enslavement of the Israelites in Egypt, their deliverance through Moses, the parting of the sea, and the covenant given at Mount Sinai. It establishes the Decalogue and the priestly architecture of the tabernacle.
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The oracles and visions of Ezekiel, a priest taken to Babylon in the first deportation of 597 BCE. The book opens with the throne-chariot vision (the *merkabah*), narrates symbolic actions against Jerusalem, and closes with the visions of the dry bones, the war of Gog, and the restored temple.
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The first half of the post-exilic Ezra–Nehemiah narrative: the return of the Judean exiles under the Persian decree of Cyrus, the rebuilding of the Jerusalem temple, and the reforms led by the priest-scribe Ezra concerning intermarriage and Torah observance.
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A fiery letter to the Galatian churches, written against missionaries who pressed Gentile converts to be circumcised and observe the Mosaic law. Paul argues that Gentiles are justified by faith in Christ alone, apart from works of law.
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ASV, 1901
The opening book of the Hebrew Bible, recounting the creation of the world, the early generations of humanity, the flood, and the lives of the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Wheel of Heaven reads its account of the *Elohim* as the foundational text of the entire corpus.
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A short prophetic book structured as a dialogue between the prophet and God about the rise of the Babylonians and the suffering of the righteous. It contains the line *the righteous shall live by faith*, later central to Pauline theology.
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An extended theological exposition (more sermon than letter) arguing that Christ is the perfect high priest in the heavenly sanctuary, surpassing the Aaronic priesthood and the Levitical cult. It contains the *roll call of faith* in chapter 11.
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Oracles of the eighth-century northern prophet Hosea, framed around his marriage to the unfaithful Gomer. The marriage is treated throughout as a living parable of Israel's relationship with its God.
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A long prophetic book combining oracles from the eighth-century Jerusalem prophet Isaiah (chapters 1–39) with later material addressed to the Babylonian exiles (40–55) and the post-exilic community (56–66). It contains the *Immanuel*, *Suffering Servant*, and *new heavens and new earth* passages.
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A wisdom letter — closer in genre to Proverbs than to Pauline argument — addressed to *the twelve tribes in the Dispersion*. It treats endurance under trial, control of the tongue, the dangers of wealth, and the insistence that faith without works is dead.
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The oracles and biography of Jeremiah, a Judean prophet active before, during, and after the Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BCE. The book oscillates between judgment poetry, prose narratives of the prophet's persecution, and oracles of restoration.
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A poetic and philosophical dialogue centered on Job, a righteous man stripped of his possessions, his children, and his health. His friends argue conventional doctrines of retribution; Job protests his innocence; and God answers from a whirlwind without answering the question of why.
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A short prophetic book responding to a devastating locust plague. The plague becomes the figure for a coming *day of the Lord*, and the book closes with an oracle of the spirit being poured out on all flesh — later cited at Pentecost in the book of Acts.
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The fourth Gospel, distinct in style and theology from the Synoptics. It opens with the cosmic prologue of the *Logos*, organizes Jesus' ministry around seven *signs*, and presents an extended series of *I am* discourses culminating in the farewell discourses and passion narrative.
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A short narrative about the prophet Jonah, sent to preach against the Assyrian capital Nineveh. He flees, is swallowed by a great fish, eventually preaches, and is then dismayed when the city repents and is spared.
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The narrative of Israel's entry into Canaan under Joshua, the conquest of Jericho and other cities, and the territorial allotment among the twelve tribes. It closes with Joshua's covenant renewal at Shechem.
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A short polemical letter against teachers who have *crept in* to the community. It is notable for citing 1 Enoch and the Assumption of Moses as authoritative — making it a key witness to the early authority of those texts.
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A series of stories about charismatic deliverers — Deborah, Gideon, Samson, and others — who arose during the turbulent centuries between Joshua and the rise of the monarchy. The book frames Israelite history as a recurring cycle of apostasy, oppression, and rescue.
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Five acrostic poems lamenting the fall of Jerusalem and the desolation of its temple in 586 BCE. Traditionally attributed to Jeremiah, the poems combine communal grief with the affirmation that the steadfast love of God is new every morning.
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The third book of the Torah, devoted almost entirely to ritual law: sacrificial procedure, dietary rules, purity codes, and the holiness regulations governing priestly conduct. It reads as the operational manual of the Tabernacle cultus.
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The third Gospel, written as the first volume of a two-volume work continued in Acts. It addresses Theophilus, foregrounds the inclusion of Gentiles, women, and the poor, and structures Jesus' ministry as a long journey toward Jerusalem.
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Generally considered the earliest of the four canonical Gospels and the source used by Matthew and Luke. Its narrative is urgent and compressed, recounting Jesus' ministry from baptism to empty tomb with little of the birth or post-resurrection material in the other Gospels.
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The first Gospel in the Christian canon, addressed to a community in continuity with Jewish tradition. It frames Jesus as a new Moses, organizes his teaching into five great discourses (including the Sermon on the Mount), and closes with the resurrection commission.
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Oracles of the eighth-century prophet Micah, a near-contemporary of Isaiah. The book combines pronouncements of judgment against Samaria and Jerusalem with the famous oracle of a coming ruler from Bethlehem and the call to do justice, love mercy, and walk humbly.
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A short prophetic book celebrating the imminent fall of Nineveh — the Assyrian capital that had destroyed Samaria a century earlier. Its three chapters are sustained poetic invective.
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The second half of the post-exilic Ezra–Nehemiah narrative. Nehemiah, cupbearer to the Persian king, returns to Jerusalem to rebuild its walls and to reform community practice alongside Ezra.
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The fourth book of the Torah, named for its two census lists. It narrates Israel's forty-year wandering between Sinai and the plains of Moab, alternating wilderness traditions, legal material, and oracles such as those of Balaam.
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The shortest book in the Hebrew Bible — a single chapter denouncing Edom for its participation in the sack of Jerusalem and proclaiming the restoration of Israel.
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The shortest Pauline letter, a personal note to Philemon concerning the runaway slave Onesimus. Paul asks that Onesimus be received back *as a beloved brother*, framing the request in terms of Christian fellowship rather than explicit abolition.
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A warm letter from Paul in prison to the church at Philippi. It contains the *Christ hymn* of chapter 2, urging the mind of Christ who emptied himself, and the repeated exhortation to *rejoice in the Lord always*.
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A compendium of practical wisdom in the form of short sayings and longer instructional discourses. Its opening chapters personify Wisdom as a woman calling out in the streets; later sections collect proverbs traditionally attributed to Solomon and to other sages.
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A collection of 150 poems used in Israelite worship: hymns of praise, individual and communal laments, royal psalms, wisdom meditations, and pilgrimage songs. Traditionally attributed to David, the collection has accreted from many hands across several centuries.
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The single apocalyptic book of the New Testament, framed as a vision granted to John on the island of Patmos. Through symbolic cycles of seals, trumpets, and bowls it depicts the fall of Babylon, the descent of the new Jerusalem, and the coming of a new heaven and new earth.
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The longest of the Pauline letters and, by tradition, the most systematic. Written to a community Paul had not yet visited, it works through the universal human condition, justification by faith, the place of Israel in the divine plan, and the shape of Christian life under grace.
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A short pastoral narrative set during the era of the judges. Ruth, a Moabite widow, follows her mother-in-law Naomi back to Bethlehem and marries Boaz; the genealogy at the end identifies her as great-grandmother of King David.
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A cycle of erotic love poetry, traditionally attributed to Solomon, voiced by a bride and bridegroom. Jewish and Christian traditions have read it allegorically as the love of God for Israel or Christ for the Church, but the surface text is unambiguously sensual.
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A short Pastoral Epistle addressed to Titus, who is portrayed as having been left in Crete to organize the churches there. It covers qualifications for elders, household ethics, and the relation of grace to good works.
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